The word “internet” means to connect each other. It is based on computer and a global information system… It is consisted of many interrelated computer networks. Each network may link thousands of computers for sharing information. It carries a great collection and arrangement of information, resources and services, most important the inter-linked hypertext document of World Wide Web and the basic road and …

Nowadays computer has become an essential part of every mankind. In this era, every one wants to become expert in computer. For the interested people, it is necessary that they must know about the history of computer as well. The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. A generation refers to the state …

If you are the author, this is easy. You only have to add the TARGET attribute to the link that takes readers to the intended ‘outside’ document. Give it the value of _top. In many current browsers, it is not possible to display a frame in the full browser window, at least not very easy. The reader would need to copy the URL …

Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather.” These lines have been quoted by John Perry Barlow, in A Declaration of the …

The Federal Cabinet approved the adoption of The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Bill 2007 on 17 January 2007. The proposed law titled as Prevention of Electronic Crimes Bill 2007 offers penalties ranging from six months imprisonment to capital punishment for 17 types of cyber crimes, including cyber terrorism, hacking of websites and criminal access to secure data. The bill deals with the electronic …

Every device connected to the public Internet is assigned by a unique number known as an Internet Protocol (IP) address. IP addresses consist of four numbers separated by periods (also called a ‘dotted-quad’) and look something like 127.0.0.1. In computer networking, an Internet Protocol (IP) address consists of a numerical identification (logical address) that network management assigns to devices participating in a computer …

A subnet (short for “subnetwork”) is an identifiably separate part of an organization’s network. Typically, a subnet may represent all the machines at one geographic location, in one building, or on the same local area network (LAN). Having an organization’s network divided into subnets allows it to be connected to the Internet with a single shared network address. Without subnets, an organization could …

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address that is recognized in the local network. For example, in IP Version 4, the most common level of IP is used today, an address is 32 bits long. In an Ethernet local area network, however, addresses for attached devices are 48 bits long. …

When an incoming packet destined for a host machine on a particular local area network arrives at a gateway, the gateway asks the ARP program to find a physical host or MAC address that matches the IP address. The ARP program looks in the ARP cache and, if it finds the address, provides it so that the packet can be converted to the …